Lawn by Season

Vermont Native Plants by Layer

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57 native species are verified for Vermont across the three planting layers, and this page ranks them by the wildlife they support. Vermont sits in the Northern Forests ecoregion, so every count below is the figure published for Northern Forests rather than a national average. The idea is not to remove your lawn. It is that a canopy tree, a shrub layer along a border and a flowering ground layer do the ecological work a garden can actually do, while the turf stays turf.

Canopy for Vermont

The tree layer. This is where most of the caterpillars that birds feed their nestlings are produced, which is why a single tree choice outweighs everything else in the yard.

28 verified canopy options for Vermont. white oak leads on published wildlife value.

White Oak

Quercus alba
  • The genus Quercus hosts 445 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Quercus alba alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 100.0 ft, blooms mid spring, slow growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Bur Oak

Quercus macrocarpa
  • The genus Quercus hosts 445 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Quercus macrocarpa alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 100.0 ft, blooms mid spring, slow growth.

Drought tolerance: HighNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Northern Red Oak

Quercus rubra
  • The genus Quercus hosts 445 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Quercus rubra alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 81.0 ft, blooms mid spring, moderate growth.

Drought tolerance: Low.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Black Oak

Quercus velutina
  • The genus Quercus hosts 445 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Quercus velutina alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 80.0 ft, blooms early spring, moderate growth.

Drought tolerance: Low.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

American Plum

Prunus americana
  • The genus Prunus hosts 409 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Prunus americana alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use medium, mature height 24.0 ft, blooms mid spring, moderate growth.

Drought tolerance: None.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Black Cherry

Prunus serotina
  • The genus Prunus hosts 409 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Prunus serotina alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use medium, mature height 80.0 ft, blooms late spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Chokecherry

Prunus virginiana
  • The genus Prunus hosts 409 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Prunus virginiana alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use medium, mature height 25.0 ft, blooms mid spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Introduced - AK, Native - AK, Native - CAN, Native - L48, Native - SPM. Recorded in Vermont.

Yellow Birch

Betula alleghaniensis
  • The genus Betula hosts 385 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Betula alleghaniensis alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 75.0 ft, blooms late spring, slow growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48, Native - SPM. Recorded in Vermont.

20 further verified canopy species for Vermont are in the dataset behind the native plant finder.

Understory for Vermont

Shrubs and small trees beneath the canopy. This layer carries the shoulder-season fruit and cover, and it is the easiest layer to add along an existing fence line or bed edge.

14 verified understory options for Vermont. pussy willow leads on published wildlife value.

Pussy Willow

Salix discolor
  • The genus Salix hosts 397 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Salix discolor alone.
  • 12 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Salix. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance low, moisture use high, mature height 40.0 ft, blooms winter, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: Low.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Narrowleaf Willow

Salix exigua
  • The genus Salix hosts 397 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Salix exigua alone.
  • 12 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Salix. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use high, mature height 10.0 ft, blooms early spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - AK, Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Prairie Willow

Salix humilis
  • The genus Salix hosts 397 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Salix humilis alone.
  • 12 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Salix. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use high, mature height 10.0 ft, blooms spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: Low.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Sandbar Willow

Salix interior
  • The genus Salix hosts 397 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Salix interior alone.
  • 12 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Salix. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, mature height 30.0 ft, blooms early spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: Low.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - AK, Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Black Willow

Salix nigra
  • The genus Salix hosts 397 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Salix nigra alone.
  • 12 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Salix. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use high, mature height 100.0 ft, blooms early spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: Low.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Sitka Willow

Salix sitchensis
  • The genus Salix hosts 397 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Salix sitchensis alone.
  • 12 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Salix. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use high, mature height 23.0 ft, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: None.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - AK, Native - CAN, Native - L48, Native - SPM. Recorded in Vermont.

Lowbush Blueberry

Vaccinium angustifolium
  • The genus Vaccinium hosts 276 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Vaccinium angustifolium alone.
  • 6 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Vaccinium. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use medium, mature height 2.0 ft, blooms early summer, moderate growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48, Native - SPM. Recorded in Vermont.

Highbush Blueberry

Vaccinium corymbosum
  • The genus Vaccinium hosts 276 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Vaccinium corymbosum alone.
  • 6 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Vaccinium. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance low, moisture use medium, mature height 12.0 ft, blooms early summer, moderate growth.

Drought tolerance: Low.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

6 further verified understory species for Vermont are in the dataset behind the native plant finder.

Ground layer for Vermont

Flowering perennials at ground level. This is the layer that keeps pollen and nectar available from spring through fall, and it is what specialist bees depend on.

15 verified ground layer options for Vermont. Canada goldenrod leads on published wildlife value.

Canada Goldenrod

Solidago altissima
  • The genus Solidago hosts 120 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Solidago altissima alone.
  • 22 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Solidago. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 5.0 ft, blooms late spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: Low.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Introduced - HI, Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Atlantic Goldenrod

Solidago arguta
  • The genus Solidago hosts 120 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Solidago arguta alone.
  • 22 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Solidago. Genus-level figure.

USDA lists no drought tolerance value for this species.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Canada Goldenrod

Solidago canadensis
  • The genus Solidago hosts 120 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Solidago canadensis alone.
  • 22 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Solidago. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use medium, mature height 3.5 ft, blooms late summer, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Introduced - HI, Native - AK, Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Giant Goldenrod

Solidago gigantea
  • The genus Solidago hosts 120 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Solidago gigantea alone.
  • 22 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Solidago. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 8.2 ft, blooms indeterminate, moderate growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Gray Goldenrod

Solidago nemoralis
  • The genus Solidago hosts 120 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Solidago nemoralis alone.
  • 22 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Solidago. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use medium, mature height 2.0 ft, blooms summer, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Anisescented Goldenrod

Solidago odora
  • The genus Solidago hosts 120 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Solidago odora alone.
  • 22 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Solidago. Genus-level figure.

USDA lists no drought tolerance value for this species.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Common Blue Wood Aster

Symphyotrichum cordifolium
  • The genus Symphyotrichum hosts 108 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Symphyotrichum cordifolium alone.
  • 16 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Symphyotrichum. Genus-level figure.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use low, mature height 5.0 ft, blooms summer, moderate growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Smooth Blue Aster

Symphyotrichum laeve
  • The genus Symphyotrichum hosts 108 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Symphyotrichum laeve alone.
  • 16 pollen specialist bee species rely on the genus Symphyotrichum. Genus-level figure.

USDA lists no drought tolerance value for this species.Nativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

7 further verified ground layer species for Vermont are in the dataset behind the native plant finder.

Vermont natives for a watering restriction

23 of the 57 verified species carry a USDA drought tolerance of High or Medium. That matters in Vermont because a drought tolerant native border is the constructive answer to a watering restriction: once established it holds up on local rainfall, while a cool season lawn browns out and stays brown. If restrictions are in force where you are, the Vermont water restrictions tracker has the current stage, and the Vermont xeriscape guide covers the wider low water approach for the parts of the yard you are converting.

White Oak

Quercus alba
  • The genus Quercus hosts 445 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Quercus alba alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 100.0 ft, blooms mid spring, slow growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Bur Oak

Quercus macrocarpa
  • The genus Quercus hosts 445 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Quercus macrocarpa alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance medium, moisture use medium, mature height 100.0 ft, blooms mid spring, slow growth.

Drought tolerance: HighNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Black Cherry

Prunus serotina
  • The genus Prunus hosts 409 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Prunus serotina alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use medium, mature height 80.0 ft, blooms late spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Native - CAN, Native - L48. Recorded in Vermont.

Chokecherry

Prunus virginiana
  • The genus Prunus hosts 409 caterpillar species in the published keystone list for this ecoregion. Genus-level figure, not a count for Prunus virginiana alone.

Growing conditions: shade tolerance high, moisture use medium, mature height 25.0 ft, blooms mid spring, rapid growth.

Drought tolerance: MediumNativity per USDA PLANTS: Introduced - AK, Native - AK, Native - CAN, Native - L48, Native - SPM. Recorded in Vermont.

How to read these numbers

Every caterpillar and specialist bee figure on this page is published by plant genus, not by species. When the page says the genus Quercus hosts a given number of caterpillar species, that is the claim the research supports; attaching the same number to one particular oak would not be. The counts come from the National Wildlife Federation keystone plant sheets, which draw on Dr Doug Tallamy's work at the University of Delaware for Lepidoptera and Jarrod Fowler's work for specialist bees. Nativity, distribution and every growing condition come from the USDA PLANTS Database. Where USDA publishes no value, this page shows none rather than an estimate. The full sourcing, the selection criteria, and the honest case against treating yard scale planting as restoration are all on the methodology page.

For the lawn itself, seasonal timing and grass selection for this state are in the Vermont lawn care guide, and if you are converting an area rather than edging it, the lawn alternatives guide covers ground layer substitutes in more depth.

Common questions

What should I plant first in Vermont?

The canopy layer. white oak is the highest value verified option, because the genus Quercus carries 445 caterpillar species in the Northern Forests keystone list. That is a genus level figure. One tree does more ecological work than any other single choice in a yard.

How many native plants are verified for Vermont?

57 species across the three layers: 28 canopy, 14 understory and 15 ground layer. Each is recorded in Vermont by the USDA PLANTS Database and classified native to this region. Anything USDA flags as introduced here is excluded.

Which Vermont natives handle a watering ban?

23 of the verified species carry a USDA drought tolerance of High or Medium, including white oak, bur oak, black cherry. Where USDA publishes no drought value for a species, none is shown rather than an estimate.

Do I need to remove my Vermont lawn to plant natives?

No. The edges, borders and tree layer carry nearly all of the ecological value available to an ordinary yard, and none of that requires changing how the turf itself is used. Adding one canopy tree and one planted border is the realistic version of this for most homeowners.

Sources: USDA NRCS PLANTS Database for nativity, distribution and growing characteristics, read 2026-08-18. National Wildlife Federation Keystone Native Plants for genus level caterpillar and specialist bee counts.